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汉光武帝的生平事迹

2024-07-03

汉光武帝名刘秀,字文叔,南阳郡蔡阳县人,是东汉王朝的开国皇帝,也是我国古代著名的政治家、军事家。新朝末年,海内分崩,天下大乱,西汉皇室后裔刘秀与兄在家乡舂陵乘势起兵,与众英雄并争天下。公元25年,刘秀在河北登基称帝,建立了东汉王朝。经过长达十数年之久的统一战争,刘秀先后平灭了绿林、赤眉、隗嚣、公孙述等诸多割据势力和为数达百万的大小农民起义军,使得自新莽末年以来纷争战乱20余年的中华大地再次归于一统。天下定后,刘秀推行“偃武修文”的国策,发展生产、大兴儒学,从而奠定了日后东汉王朝近两百年的基业。

汉光武帝刘秀是我国历史上著名的封建皇帝之一。史称其才兼文武,豁达有大度。他长于用兵,善于以少胜多,出奇制胜。在昆阳之战中,他知人善任,中兴二十八将大部拔擢自小吏、布衣、行伍之中。他对待臣僚“开心见诚”,不念旧恶,但赏罚严明,虽仇必赏,虽亲必罚,如重用有宿怨的朱鲔。

汉光武帝铜像

光武在战争中所以能够克敌制胜,还在于他注意讲求策略,具有敏锐的政治眼光。他在统一战争中,善于采用政治攻势,如宣布释放奴婢、刑徒,减免赋税刑法,用以瓦解敌军,壮大自己的势力。他还注意整饬军纪。早在他担任更始政权的将军时就注意约束部下遵守军纪,这就有利于取得更多的支持。

在统一全国之后,光武仍能兢兢业业,勤于政事,“每旦视朝,日仄乃罢,数引公卿郎将议论经理,夜分乃寐”。他所实行的各项政策措施,既维护了东汉封建统治,也维护了国家统一,与民休息以促进社会经济的发展,《后汉书》作者范晔论曰:“虽身济大业,竞竞如不及,故能明慎政体,总榄权纲,量时度力,举无过事,退功臣而进文吏,戢弓矢而散马牛,虽道未方古,斯亦止戈之武焉。”司马光也说:“帝每旦视朝,日昃乃罢……虽以征伐济大业,及天下既定,乃退功臣而进文吏,明慎政体,总揽权纲,量时度力,举无过事,故能恢复前烈,身致太平。”他们对于光武帝在统一全国后的政绩都作了充分的肯定。光武晚年,虽因迷信图谶,宣布图谶于天下;贬逐了桓谭、冯衍等直言敢谏之士,有拒谏之失;但大体说来尚能始终保持谨慎,兢兢业业,勤于政事,在封建帝王中还是难能可贵。明末清初的大思想家王夫之对光武帝评论,说他:三代而下,取天下者,唯光武焉,夏、商、周,后,“唯光武允冠百王矣”,说他超过历史上所有的皇帝! 毛泽东盛赞汉光武帝“最会用人、最有学问、最会打仗”的一代君王!


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